Lord of the Flies, by William Golding - 1055 Words

In William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of English school boys crash land onto an uninhabited island somewhere in the Mid Atlantic ocean. Ralph, the protagonist and also the elected leader, tries to maintain peace and avoid any calamity on the island. However, Jack is neither willing to contribute nor listen because he is jealous of Ralph and has a sickening obsession with killing boars. Ralph has some good traits that help him maintain peace and balance for a period of time. He is charismatic and has natural leader attributes. Gradually though some of the other characters are killed due to the irresponsibility and savagery of Jacks actions. In this novel, the author conveys a messege through Freuds theroy of Id, Ego, and†¦show more content†¦He overanalyzes the situation and gets worried. This is shown in the text when he asks the fair boy â€Å"Aren’t there any grownups at all† (Golding 8) and the fair boy replies, â€Å"I don’t think so†(Golding 8). This shows superego because he is the only boy on the island who feels the need for adult supervision and Social order. He cannot withstand the fact that there is no hierarchy and a conduct code. Superego essentially means the â€Å"Moral† part of the mind. His value for discipline and morals is so high that it calls for him to behave in this way. This is important in the duration of the story because in every society or group no matter how small or how large, it is essential to have a leading or parental figure so there can be moral values, proper social actions, and orderly lifestyle. Thus we can see that the author, William Golding, uses Piggy as a fantastic example of the effects of superego to keep social order. In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, author Golding uses Ralph the main protagonist in the story as a symbol to represent Freuds concept of ego to show its effects one oneself and its surroundings. In Lord of the Flies William Golding uses Ralph as a symbol for ego to show how it can be a very helpful trait in regular day life and for survival if used in the proper sense. An example of Ralph’s ego is when he takes control of the haphazard situation on the island and takes the conch and says â€Å"Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all,Show MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Golding869 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Psychology Sometimes people wear fake personas like a cloak over their shoulders, used to hide what is really underneath. This harsh reality is witnessed in William Golding’s classic Lord of the Flies, a novel that is famous for not only its sickening plot, but also for the emotional breakdowns all of its characters experience. These issues are akin to those shown in certain real-world psychological experiments. A summary of Golding’s Lord of the Flies, combined with the evidenceRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1347 Words   |  6 Pages The theme of The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, is the reason society is flawed is because people are flawed. Although Piggy is knowledgeable, he has many flaws including his laziness and physical inabilities. Ralph is an authority seeker. He sets rules and laws, yet does little to enforce them. Ralph wants to be the ruler, without doing the work to enforce his laws. Jack is persistent. He is rude, harsh and violent in or der to get what he wants. He wants to be supreme. Piggy’s flaws areRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1123 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel Lord of The Flies by William Golding, the characters Ralph, Piggy, and Jack represent important World War II leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, and Winston Churchill. Golding, who had served in World War II, was well aware of the savagery created, and used it to base his book on. Ralph represents Franklin Roosevelt , Jack represents Adolf Hitler, and Piggy represents Winston Churchill. Ralph being of the novel’s main protagonist is important in the outcome of the story becauseRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Lord of the Flies Essay The Lord of the Flies written by William Golding and published on September 17, 1954 is a story told about a group of stranded boys and their fight for survival against the wilderness and themselves. In this story many signs of symbolism are used by Golding to point out certain aspects of society that Golding thought strongly of. This story on first read may just seem to be a survival- esque piece of literature but, on a deeper look one can find Golding’s true motiveRead MoreLord of The Flies by William Golding619 Words   |  2 PagesGovernments are no different; they fight for power just like the rest of us do. They just do it on a much bigger scale. Qualities from Oligarchy, Totalitarianism, Democracy, Dictatorship, and Anarchy governments are used in several parts of Lord of The Flies that represent different characters and different situations. An Oligarchy is a small group of people having control of a country or organization. A Totalitarianism government is a form of government that permits no individual freedom and thatRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1306 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding creates a microcosm that appears to be a utopia after he discharged from the British Royal Navy following World War II. After an emergency landing, Golding places a diverse group of boys on the island that soon turns out to be anything but utopia. The island the boys are on turns out to be an allegorical dystopia with inadequate conditions (Bryfonski 22). The boys reject all lessons they learned from their prior British society, and they turn towards theirRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding932 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing two particular themes from a novel called Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954 after World War II. Ruler of the Flies is a purposeful anecdote about something that many readers can’t really describe. Individuals cant choose precisely what. Its either about the inalienable underhanded of man, or mental battle, or religion, or personal inclination, or the creators emotions on war; however William Golding was in the Navy throughout World War II, or perhapsRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lord of the Flies is still a Blueprint for Savagery by Eleanor Learmonth and Jenny Tabakoff, the words â€Å"I’m afraid. Of us† first appeared in Golding’s novel 60 years ago. Lord of the Flies by William Golding follows a group of schoolboys trapped on an island after a plane crash during a world war. At the beginning, they celebrate as the y have total autonomy as there are no adults around. They attempt to establish a civilization but when order collapses, they go on a journey from civilizationRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pages Outline Introduction Short intro for Lord of the Flies Short intro on Gangs The bullying and group mentality demonstrated in gangs has resemblances to the characters in Lord of the Flies. II. Bullying/Group mentality Gangs Drugs/Loyalty B. Lord of the flies Jack kills the pig/Jack and Ralph fight III. Effects B. Lord of the flies Jack killing the pig aftermath Violence IV. Conclusion Gangs are considered a group of people that have a common link togetherRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding962 Words   |  4 PagesBischof Language Arts 10 11 December, 2015 In William Golding s Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the theme of human nature to show how easily society can collapse, and how self-destructive human nature is. Throughout the story Golding conveys a theme of how obscured and horrible human nature can lead us to be. Many different parts of human nature can all lead to the destruction of society. A few of the concepts of basic human nature that Golding included in the book are destruction, and panic

Children Should Publish The Names Of Children Who Commit...

1.That we should publish the names of children who commit serious crimes There are two main things to consider in this debate. Firstly, whether children are responsible for their crimes and should therefore be held to a similar standard as adults. Secondly what the impact of publishing their names will be, on both the children and society. Some important cases involving children who commit serious crimes †¢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_James_Bulger †¢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edlington_attacks †¢ http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20085794,00.html Culpability of Children In Australian criminal law any children under the age of 10 are considered to be incapable of committing a crime. This means that NO child under ten can ever be convicted of a crime. Between the ages of 10 and 14 we presume that children do not understand enough to have been responsible for the crime, but this can be proven otherwise in a court of law. This is important, because it means that any child who is convicted of a serious crime has been found by a court of law to be mentally capable of committing the crime. On the Affirmative it is important to establish that these children knew that what they were doing was wrong, and therefore should be held to the same standard as adults when they commit these crimes. On the Negative it is important to question whether, even if children are culpable to some degree, is it the same degree as adults. Children obviously have muchShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Young Offenders Act1682 Words   |  7 Pagesoffenders act at the present time, look at why kids commit crime, what is being done to improve the act, what has the province done towards teenagers and also a look at the United Sates youth system. WHAT IS YOA The YOA the Young Offenders Act, which replaced the 75 years old Juvenile Delinquents Act in 1984, came into effect because since the courts where acting in the best interest of the children, little attention was paid to the rights of the children (Dickinson et al, 1996: 403). This had to beRead MoreLegal Studies Crime Notes7101 Words   |  29 PagesCrime and the Law Notes Syllabus Themes: * The role of discretion in the criminal justice system * Issues of compliance and non compliance in regard to criminal law * The extent to which the law reflects moral and ethical standards * The role of law reform in the criminal justice system * The extent to which the law balances the rights of victims, offenders and society * The effectiveness of legal and non-legal measures in achieving justice Chapter 1: The Nature of Crime RoleRead MorePublic Eye on Sexual Offenders Essay example3339 Words   |  14 Pagesoffenders are not a homogenous group of individuals and that this is an umbrella term used to describe a range of behaviours ranging from acts of voyeurism and exhibitionism, to more serious acts of pedophilia and rape. For the purpose of this essay I have chosen to focus on the more serious forms of sex offending which in my opinion, are the cause of much of the current attention. In order to understand why sexual offenders attract so much attention I will begin by considering Read More The Negative Effects of Cyberbullying Essays2167 Words   |  9 Pagesdestructive form. Cyberbullying, as defined by the Cyberbullying Research Center, is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text (qtd. in Chait). Cyberbullying is a serious problem and has serious consequences. There are many contributing factors to cyberbullying. Children and young adults have almost infinite access to social networking sites, chat forums, and cell phones. It is hard to find a middle school age child without access to the internet in some way. TheRead MoreBullying Awareness9221 Words   |  37 Pageshas become a great concern to many people, and parents especially because of kids and teenagers who have emotionally and physically suffered from being bullied by their classmates. Students have been pushed, hit, and verbally bullied by others and adults don’t think this type of actions are so serious and prefer to ignore it. In the past years there has been cases of suicide and murder of students who have been bullied and it has caught many schools attention. Is not that bullying has become moreRead MoreEssay Laws Restricting the Paparazzi1852 Words   |  8 Pageswas coined by Federico Fellini, the name he gave to a prying society cameraman in his 1959 film La Dolc e Vita. Paparazzi photographers are fueled by large sums of money offered by the tabloid press. They try to catch the rich and famous in unflattering situations. The new breed of journalism grew by leaps and bounds after the Watergate scandal first broke in Washington, DC (Petersens, 57). At first the paparazzi were an annoying group of photographers who were persistent when trying to get theRead MoreEssay on Media Influence on Black Children5404 Words   |  22 PagesMedia Influence on Black/African-American Children Abstract: An overview of how media in the decades since the 1950s had influenced the education of Black/African-Americann Students. Media in the decades since the 1950s has dramatically influenced the education of Black/African-American children. The media, which includes television, newspapers, magazines, radio, advertising and the internet, is a vital part of constantly creating and reinforcing stereotypes. Media affects and influencesRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23627 Words   |  95 Pagespublication. Often it is the manner in which material is written, as opposed to its subject matter, which causes difficulties. Knowledge of the law of defamation will assist in framing material appropriately and avoiding claims. If in doubt journalists should consult more senior staff or seek legal advice. Prevention of problems is cheaper (and better for career advancement) than cure. 2. What is defamatory? There is no uniformly accepted definition. Basically, a publication is defamatoryRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23639 Words   |  95 Pagespublication. Often it is the manner in which material is written, as opposed to its subject matter, which causes difficulties. Knowledge of the law of defamation will assist in framing material appropriately and avoiding claims. If in doubt journalists should consult more senior staff or seek legal advice. Prevention of problems is cheaper (and better for career advancement) than cure. 2. What is defamatory? There is no uniformly accepted definition. Basically, a publication is defamatoryRead MoreJuvenile Deliquency in Ibadan, Nigeria15127 Words   |  61 Pagesthat are guilty of minor crime or misdeed. Juvenile delinquency as defined by Carter and Hill (1979) means offences committed by young people – theft, smuggling, prostitution, drug trafficking, robbery, raping, violence etc.while Oxford Advanced Learners English dictionary (1869) defined Juvenile delinquency as the offences committed by people below the ages of legal responsibility. It may also be refers to as either violent or non-violent crime committed by persons who are usually under the age

Issues in International Business Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Issues in International Business. Answer: Introduction Culture is termed as the most basic phenomena and the reason on which the behaviors and wants of people depends. It is the root cause of the trends of business which is done in a specific country. In the following report discussion on the cultural behavior of the market of China is done. China has a very rich trading history as the city of Beijing and Shanghai had been major business centers in the ancient world. To know the cultural behavior of people of China it becomes important to know their cultural background. In the same way it becomes very crucial for the business entrepreneurs to know the cultural behavior of Chinese market and to know the scope of their business. The following report discusses the rationale of the Chinese market. Moving further, cultural analysis of the Chinese market is done in which business culture has been given utmost importance since there is a lot of importance of business and cultural etiquettes in the eyes of the Chinese people. To analyze the cult ural dimensions Hofstedes method of cultural analysis has been done. China being the host country its comparison in culturaland business context husband done with Singapore to know the difference between business trends and their source of changes of behavior.The following report holistically discusses the issues which come in dealing with the international business operations. Rationale Chinese economy is the second largest economy in the world after United States of America. China has opened their domestic market for foreign players since last 25 years. The Chinese government aims to multiply their economic growth and GDP 4 times till the year 2020 (Barai, 2017). This is why the discussion on Chinese market culture has become very important. Chinese Market is known to have a dual economic structure which has modified from the socialist economy which was centrally planned tour social system based on market economy. China has been fortunate in adapting the new technological advancements which has given rise to the fast industrial development and has attracted foreign direct Investments on a huge basis (Bartikowski Cleveland, 2017). Previously private ownership of assets was not allowed but the regulations have changed and the entries of new foreign players have been observed. In China substantial part of non-agricultural and facilities of the industries I still owne d by the state and I planned from their central government. But according to the changing trends and market culture joint ventures have been encouraged giving emphasis to the special economic zones of the coastal cities like Shanghai.These subtle changes in the business culture of China have produced a great number of millionaires and billionaires in China. Due to these reasons the cultural aspect of Chinese business becomes so hot topic of discussion and Exploration (Berger et al., 2017). China has been the largest receiver of FDI funds since last two decades because of its liberalization in business culture. China has become one of the largest exporters of electronic goods which has made it one of the biggest manufacturing hubs in the entire world. People of China believe in simple living and hard work which is imbibed in the deep rooted culture which gives an edge to the workforce which father helps in expansion of their business ventures (Chan et al., 2017). After China joined the World Trade Organization there has been a rapid increase in their imports and Exports which has brought huge dividends to the Chinese market. Due to the huge population of China there are still some problems in their infrastructure and transportation services. One reason for this problem can be stated as their culture which restricts them to stick to the o ld methods. But Chinese people are also very inclined towards innovation and have developed some state of the art infrastructure specimens which can be viewed in the cities of Shanghai and Beijing (Dawson et al., 2017). These innovative trends open new horizons for business ventures of technology in China and attracts big global players to invest in the business of China. Almost all global business ventures who are pioneers in their field of business intent to open their branch in China as it has all the reasons of growth and development. Cultural Analysis China is the most populated country in the world. Its population has grown recently manifolds exceeding all its growth trends. The main reason of its population growth is because of lower death rates in the older population. The birth rate of China is also low but there is a great number of people who are young and have the capacity to work. Still in China there is not an acceptable standard of living for a majority of its population (Ferraro Briody, 2017). The sole reason for this is there ever expanding population. The concept of being a Chinese citizen does not depend on the race but it is rather focused on the Chinese way of living which is directly related to their culture and historical background.When the basic Chinese culture is taken into consideration it is found that the Chinese culture is very complex and have diverse characteristics. All the historians of Chinese culture have agreed that the Confucian philosophy is the base Chinese culture. It is the most dominant philo sophy which has persisted for about 2000 years (Fontana et al., 2017). Chinese like to call themselves Hans derived from the Han dynasty which has a great historical significance in the lives and Minds of Chinese people. It has been observed that all the small ethnic groups in the history of China has been absorbed into the basic Chinese culture. It is not that the Chinese minority nationalities have no legal rights. In fact they have been provided with legal protections and provisions (Gao, 2017). China's minority populations have a great significance in their business culture as they occupy the most strategic geographical positions in the country. Minority population are defined as the people who speak the same language share the same values and live in the same area as the majority.Chinese have great importance for their culture and values which have been inculcated for thousand years. The rich culture is comprised of family values, proper structure of the social life, practicing self-restraint and morality and having huge respect for hard work to achieve in their lives (Herrmann-Pillath Feng, 2017). Chinese follower collectivist society in which the importance of family precedes over the importance of an individual self.Chinese take their religion very seriously even there are religions like Buddhism, Catholicism, Taoism, Protestantism and Islam which are followed. China regulates the above mentioned religions and the modes of worship (Hill et al., 2017). People who do not follow these religions and practice a faith different from these are subject to harassment and intimidation sometimes leading to detention.Religion in Ch ina are derived from many religious systems which are Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. These religious philosophies are a reflection of the Chinese way of living. Business Culture Doing business in China is a challenge for every foreign entity. Building relationships with the Chinese people is a tough job as it becomes imperative for a business venture to identify the key partners, clients and Chinese government organizations which can prove to be mutually beneficial to develop proper channels of communication among the Chinese people (Huang Palvia, 2017). China has a highly competitive environment of business and working through it makes the understanding of business culture in China the most vital aspect. To reach the target markets understanding of the business culture becomes the key as it provides a better understanding of the Chinese people's behavior and helps to respond and anticipate their needs and demands. Knowledge of Chinese culture also helps in avoiding unnecessary misunderstandings and conflicts in the business (Jia et al., 2017). There is a popular saying in Chinese which states that When you enter a religion, follow its customs. To gain the knowledge of business culture in China where morals and values of people vary from place to place as they are shaped buy different life experiences determined by the local environment of Chinese cities becomes very important. Behavior of foreign players which signifies modesty, politeness and patience can prove to be handy for laying the foundation of good business in China (Kolk Tsang, 2017). To know a person from face to face is considered to be the most authentic way of finding out that a person is trustworthy or not in China.Chinese people believe that to do business with a person it is necessary to know their moral values and culture. Chinese have a popular saying which goes like let's first become friends, then do business. Whereas, in Malaysia saving faces are more important for the Malaysian people. In the society of Malaysia to lose a face which is considered to be same as losing one's control over emotions is seen as a negative behavior. To control the situation Malaysian s use laughter to hide the real feelings of nervousness disapproval or shyness.To make business deals in Malaysia saving face becomes very important as it may alter the business outcomes of the deals made there.When making any business appointments in Malaysia A person should keep in mind the prayer Times as it is a Muslim predominant country. Malaysia is have a lenient attitude towards the notion of punctuality. Malaysian sir very particular about their language of communication and the prefer Bahasa Malaysia.Malaysian respect the authoritative positions and the difference between a subordinate and its superior is very deep and intense. Malaysian sir more concerned about the job titles and descriptions.The system of giving gifts is not prevalent in Malaysia as they are considered to be a bribe. Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Hofstedes cultural dimensions are the basic set of rules which defines the cultures keeping a 5 dimensional framework which includes cultural consequences behaviors comparison of values and institutional organizations in different parts of the world. Hofstede categorizes the cultural factors as per our distance long term orientation individualism masculinity or femininity and uncertainty avoidance (Ozkan, 2017). In China attitudes of people towards the distribution of power is quite intense and holds a position of high priority. There is a hierarchical structure determined by the high score in the people of China. They believe that the people should respect and give honor to high status.For a foreign business entity to enter into the Chinese Market one needs to have a proper understanding of the Honorable positions in the Chinese society. A business entrepreneur needs to respect people at the higher ranks which shows the appreciation which is given to the place and position (Xiao St anyer, 2017). This can help in a great way to make a positive impression in the market of China. Individualism is another aspect of culture which needs to be kept in mind for doing business in China. As mentioned above Chinese society is a collectivist one and the value groups of people over an individual interest. Chinese have a very high respect for the relationship which day share with each other and a business entity needs to understand the value of that relationship. Being a collectivist society does not mean that an individual will not consider its own interest (Xue et al., 2017). To have a relevant understanding about this concept will avoid many misunderstandings and conflicts. Chinese people believe that working hard and for long hours have made them successful which is a masculine trait of character. Chinese people strive to be the best in whatever they do and dost they have higher expectations for everything. This states that the masculine trait of character in all dimensions is respected in China. Chinese people and more control oriented and they avoid to be in an un certain position in whatever they do. Unlike people in Singapore who are easier going and leave things to the chances Chinese operate in a way in which the desired outcome has the most probability to happen. That is why Chinese have a proper structure and I work plan to provide stability in their work. Chinese do not like to take risks which is the sign of mistrust for them(Berger et al., 2017).Chinese society is a very long term oriented one. The aim to succeed in life and intend to preserve that success for April long time. This is why long term orientation is said to be Chinese characteristic. A business venture in China needs to be durable and permanent. Conclusion Thus it can be concluded from the above report that business culture in China is very different than in any other South Asian country like Malaysia where culture is the base of the people which determines the manner in which they do business.There are many financial and economic implications in China which has made it world's most favorite investment haven for all the big manufacturers and business entrepreneurs. Learning about the cultural aspects of business in China makes any foreign investor or entrepreneur easy to start a business and continue it for a long period of time. China has been the most business oriented country for ages as they are known to develop a Silk route covering the entire South Asia and even the Eastern Europe.The discussion in the above report gives a comprehensive idea about the business culture in China and also identifies the key factors which a foreign entrepreneur should keep in mind if it intends to enter into a business venture in China. Thus it can b e concluded that people of China and Malaysia maybe hailing from the same race have different cultural values and moral behavior which reflects in their business process.It can also be said that culture and historical background plays an important role in the growth and development of a country as it determines the way of thinking of its people. References Barai, M. K. (2017). Paramita Mukherjee, Arnab K. Deb and Miao Pang (eds), China and India: History, Culture, Cooperation and Competition. Bartikowski, B., Cleveland, M. (2017). Seeing is being: Consumer culture and the positioning of premium cars in China.Journal of Business Research,77, 195-202. Berger, R., Herstein, R., Silbiger, A., Barnes, B. R. (2017). Is guanxi universal in China? Some evidence of a paradoxical shift.Journal of Business Research. Chan, A., Clegg, S., Warr, M. (2017). Translating Intervention: When Corporate Culture Meets Chinese Socialism.Journal of Management Inquiry, 1056492617696888. Dawson, B., Young, L., Murray, J. M., Wilkinson, I. (2017). Drivers of supplier-customer relationship profitability in China: Assessing International Joint Ventures versus State Owned Enterprises.Industrial Marketing Management,66, 29-41. Ferraro, G. P., Briody, E. K. (2017).The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis. Fontana, A., Sastre-Merino, S., Baca, M. (2017). The Territorial Dimension: The Component of Business Strategy that Prevents the Generation of Social Conflicts.Journal of Business Ethics,141(2), 367-380. Gao, Y. (2017). Business leaders personal values, organisational culture and market orientation.Journal of Strategic Marketing,25(1), 49-64. Herrmann-Pillath, C., Feng, X. (2017). Cultural Entrepreneurship in China. Hill, C., Hult, T., Wickramasekera, R., Liesch, P., MacKenzie, K. (2017).Global Business Today Asia-Pacific Perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Huang, Z., Palvia, P. C. (2017). How Firms National Culture Influences the Strategic IS Planning Process. Jia, F., Gosling, J., Witzel, M. (2017).Sustainable Champions: How International Companies are Changing the Face of Business in China. Routledge. Kolk, A., Tsang, S. (2017). Co-evolution in relation to small cars and sustainability in China: Interactions between central and local governments, and with business.Business Society,56(4), 576-616. Liu, J., Fang, F. G. (2017). Perceptions, awareness and perceived effects of home culture on intercultural communication: Perspectives of university students in China.System. Ngai, E. W. T., Law, C. C., Lo, C. W., Poon, J. K. L., Peng, S. (2017). Business sustainability and corporate social responsibility: case studies of three gas operators in China.International Journal of Production Research, 1-17. Ozkan, A. H. (2017). Immigrants from Asia: Are they better for a More Ethical Business Environment?.ActaPsychopathologica. Xiao, J., Stanyer, J. (2017). Culture, boundary, and identity: a comparison of practices between two online punk communities in China.Chinese Journal of Communication,10(3), 246-263. Xue, L., Kerstetter, D., Hunt, C. (2017). Tourism development and changing rural identity in China.Annals of Tourism Research,66, 170-182.

Smart Innovative Energy System-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Smart innovative energy system and how it contributes to reducing the ecological footprint of the United Arab Emirates. Answer: Introduction Background With the technological development occurring at a rapid rate, it is essential to have advanced, smart and renewable sources of energy. The energy crisis is believed to be the immediate impact of the same, which is one of the major cause of economic and environmental crisis. Currently, the global society is mainly dependent on limited Worlds resources for production and supply of energy. The over-production of energy is also causing the issues of environmental degradation (Sbia, Shahbaz Hamdi, 2014). The introduction of the smart innovation within the energy system is essential in the given context as it can produce cost effective energy solutions. It is also possible to generate sustainable source of energy that are needed to meet up with the energy crisis of the future generation. The UAE is the third country in the globe after Japan and Switzerland to adopt innovative smart energy techniques to deal with the issues of energy crisis and reduce the ecological footprint of human activity. Problem The energy crisis and the environmental degradation are caused due to the over-consumption of energy. This has resulted in the increase in the total amount of ecological footprint. The global society in the modern day is mostly dependent upon the fossil fuel, which is believed to be the root cause of all forms of energy crisis. In spite of that UAE is considered to have huge volume of natural resources, it is estimated that the same is not going to continue forever. The oil resources of the nation are believed to deplete within next 40 to 50 years. This is one of the biggest effects of rising ecological foot prints due to increased human activity. The fast rate of UAE economic growth will help the nation to contribute for nearly half of the total energy contribution all around the globe (Sbia, Shahbaz Hamdi 2014). Nevertheless, it is important to have alternate source of renewable energy. This is only possible by improving the technological infrastructure of the nation and introducing the techniques of smart innovations. Aim The aim of the study is to understand the importance of smart, innovative technology and the ways it can help in reducing ecological footprints in UAE Objectives To discuss the importance of smart innovative energy system To understand the importance of smart innovative energy system to reduce the ecological footprint in UAE Literature Review UAE ecological footprint Being one of the top developing nations in the globe UAE has witnessed Rapid economic growth in the last decades. This is automatically caused increased demand for energy and natural resources that are needed to boost the manufacturing sector. In the year 2007 the Environment ministry agency of UAE has initiated the idea of Ecological Footprint, which was done in partnership with the Emirates Wildlife Society and WWF (UAE.Panda, 2018). The main purpose of this parameter is to measure the Nations impact on the total volume of natural resources that are being used by the country. It is done by calculating the rate of natural resource consumption with that of the ability of a nation to renew the natural resources (Taleb, 2014). The main purpose of measuring ecological footprint is to identify the scientific cause of increasing environmental degradation and carbon footprint. It can also help in developing scientific based policy. This process can be utilised in government affairs in dealing with matters related to that of environmental policy. According to the latest report, the ecological footprint of UAE dropped to 7.75 hectares per person to that of 11.68 hectare in 2006 (UAE ecological footprint, 2018). Hence, the initiative of ecological footprint has helped the nation by improving their sustainability factors. In spite of rapid Urban Development, UAE has been able to control the environmental pollution. After Switzerland and Japan, UAE is the third nation in the globe to initiate the concept of ecological footprint. Environmental impact Charfeddine and Khediri (2016), have mentioned about the fact that uncontrolled is the primary cause of negative environmental impact. The country has the seventh largest Oil natural reserve in the world, which is the major cause of environmental loss in the form of wildlife destruction. The nation also has to face the issue of Limited agricultural land, most of which has been destroyed by the agricultural firms. With the total increase in the number of industrial business organisations, the Nation has to face the challenge of sustainability (Asif, 2016). Due to lack of planning in sustainable development programmes, the socio ecological balance has hugely been affected within the nation. According to Al-Mulali et al., (2015), the parameter of ecological footprint has been quite effective to measure the overall environmental impact that is caused due to the over exploitation of natural oil Reserves. The activities of oil mining had huge impact upon the natural resources of UAE. Current energy consumption With the Rapid rise of population and economic growth in UAE, the demand for electricity and another source of energy continues to grow. By the year 2021, it is estimated that the average demand for annual energy demands will grow at a rate of 5.6% per annum. It is also estimated that the share of power generation from gas will reduce from 98% to 76% by 2021 due to the increasing popularity of smart innovative energy solutions (Government.ae, 2018). It is important to note that the energy industry plays a major role in shaping up the economy of UAE. In the global market, the nation plays an important role in deciding upon the price of oil and petroleum products. This is mainly due to the fact that UAE is the fifth largest Oil producing nation in the globe. With the help of effective leadership and government policies it is possible for the country to have high diversity in energy mix. This is also possible due to the sustainable development measures that are being included in government planning. Government is also investing in improving the existing Technology for resource conservation and renewable energy development. This is believed to be one of the effective policies that aim to deal with the challenge of rising energy consumption (Mancini et al., 2016). Energy Conservation According to Allcott and Rogers (2014), as the rate of energy consumption is rapidly increasing due to over exploitation of natural resources, conservation policies are highly essential in order to implement sustainable development for future generations. In general the aim of energy consumption policy is to reduce the energy consumption with per capita demand level. Nejat et al., (2015), have added that with lower rate of energy consumption it is possible to reduce the cost of energy production. It can also help to reduce the ecological footprint that he is causing environmental degradation problems for the society. As the average rate of energy consumption is increasing in UAE every year, the policies of energy conservation have been one of the major challenges. The introduction of smart and effective energy producing policy is believed to be a major part of energy consumption planning. According to Han et al., (2014), the implementation of Smart Home Energy Management System is believed to the key for popularizing the techniques of sustainable energy consumption. It can therefore help to improve the popularity of the renewable energy producing techniques. Khare, Nema and Baredar, (2016), have mentioned that integration of renewable energy system in domestic and commercial purpose is highly challenging due to the unpredictable nature of its efficiency rate. For example with solar energy producing technique that is one of the easiest ways to produce renewable energy, there are high levels of uncertainty that includes natural forces of sun and wind speed. The higher cost of maintenance in storing solar energy in the form of electricity is also one of the major challenges that prevent its popularization. Innovative system that helps the reduction In order to improve the efficiency rate of renewable energy sources, it is essential to invest more in research and development work of smart innovation techniques. One of the major drawbacks of current form of energy producing technique is the loss that is caused due to transportation of energy through long distances. Hence, Mathiesen et al., (2015) have suggested that in order to implement smart energy solution it is highly essential to set up energy producing plants near the urban areas, where it will be possible to reduce loss of electricity or energy that is caused due to transportation. It is also essential to design the commercial and domestic equipment that can help in less volume of energy consumption. This can be implemented by introducing energy efficient electronic gadgets and automobiles. Null Hypothesis H1: Smart energy solutions are responsible for reducing ecological foot print in the society of UAE H0: Smart energy solutions have no effects in reducing the ecological foot print in UAE Conceptual Framework Figure: Conceptual Framework Source: Author Methodology The research methodology chapter provides the overall framework of research designs and techniques that will be used to collect data. This data will be analyzed effectively to draw conclusions upon the research subject. Research Philosophy Positivism and interpretivism are the two main type of research philosophy that is implemented in most investigation works. The positivism philosophy deals with real facts related to the research problem. On the other hand, the interpretivism is dependent upon people's perception of the given area of research. In other words, interpretivism is dependent upon the opinion provided by the people about the research problem (Saunders et al., 2015). For the given research work, the positivism philosophy will be used in order to use real facts related to energy crisis in UAE. It can also help them to make logical conclusion about the solutions that can be implemented to draw proper conclusion. Research Design The three main kinds of Research Design include explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. The type of Research Design is selected based upon the am and research problem. Psychological aspects of the research problem give prior importance in exploratory methods. In case of explanatory method, the investigator aims to describe the data without understanding their positive and negative outcome (Lewis, 2015). For the given research work, however, the investigator will use the descriptive form of Research Design. This will help in framing specific set of questions that are required to collect essential data about smart energy solutions and ecological footprint in UAE. Data Collection methods Most research works are dependent upon primary and secondary forms of research. In primary form of Data Collection, the information is directly collected from sample size of the research through interview and survey. On the other hand, in case of secondary research information or collected from previously researched the same topic. The primary Research and data collection methods are mostly dependent upon quantitative form of analysis (Cleary, Horsfall Hayter, 2014). Here the investigator uses mathematical and statistical tools in order to conclude from the numerical data. On the other hand qualitative form of analysis is dependent upon making conclusion through personal experience and perception of people. The given research work will mostly dependent upon primary form of research. Here, the researcher will conduct interview with various stakeholders of the energy producing sector in UAE. The interview questions will be frame in order to extract more information related to the energy policies that are being implemented by the UAE government. Ethical Issues As the researchers will directly interact with the stakeholders of energy producing department in UAE it is essential to follow certain ethical protocols. It is essential for the researchers to use genuine data without manipulating the same. This will help to ensure that the conclusions that are drawn from the research work are reliable and can be used for future purposes. Interview Questions What do you think is the current rate of energy consumption in the UAE? What are the main strategies that are implemented by the UAE government in order to reduce the ecological footprint? Do you think the concept of introducing ecological footprint has been effective? How do you think it is possible to control the over exploitation of natural resources in UAE? How far do you believe that the current policy of energy conservation by the UAE government can help to introduce the system of smart energy innovation? How far do you think introducing smart energy innovation system can help to reduce the carbon footprint in the society of UAE? Are the citizens of UAE are currently aware about the uses of smart energy innovative system? What is the future of using smart energy efficeinecy techniques in the society of UAE? How it is possible to deal with the issues of technological infrastructure that are needed to implement smart innovative techniches in the matter of energy manufacturing sectors? How do you think it is possible to raise the level of awareness within people about using smart energy innovatio Main Findings and Interpretation Findings 1: The current rate of energy consumption in UAE is going up rapidly due to the fast rate of economic development and urbanization. The per capita rate of energy consumption is currently estimated to be around 1.5 kilo joule per person per year. Findings 2: The UAE government has introduced the concept of ecological footprint, which can help to measure the rate of energy consumption and depletion. This can help in understanding the total volume of natural resources that are being utilised by the society every year. It can thereby help to implement effective Energy Conservation Policy is depending upon rate of energy consumption. Findings 3: As the concept of ecological footprint has been introduced by the energy conservation Society of UAE, it is possible to significantly reduce the over exploitation of natural resources. This is evident from the fact that per capita rate of energy consumption has been reduced significantly in the past 10 years. Most importantly, with the introduction of ecological footprint parameter it is possible to raise awareness among the stakeholders of energy producing Industry. This will help them to initiate effective measures to implement smart energy innovative system for UAE society. Findings 4: The introduction in the concept ecological footprint has provided essential data related to the current rate of energy consumption. As smart energy solutions have been introduced within the society of UAE, it is possible to reduce the overall high rate of energy consumption. With essential data that are available to the government, it is possible to monitor the overall rates of exploitation and usages of natural resources. Findings 5: The current policy of the energy consumption, it is possible to reduce the overall effects of the environmental degradation. As the government officials become more aware of the facts related to that of the energy consumption, it is possible to reduce the overall effects of the destruction of natural resources. In order to reduce the ecological footprint, it is highly essential to implement the strategy of sustainable development program. Findings 6: The introduction of smart energy innovation system aims to popularize the usages of renewable and clean energy system. It also aims to reduce the overall loss and over-consumption of energy that is caused due to fuel ineffective machineries and equipments. These machines are used for both domestic and commercial purposes. Findings 7: After the introduction of the idea of ecological footprint, it is possible to reduce the overall effects of energy overconsumption. As the society is becoming aware of the matters related to global warming and environmental degradation, it is possible to popularize the usages of smart energy solutions. Discussion Linking with objective 1 From the literature review section, it is clear that with the help of the rapid rate of industrialization, UAE has been able to establish as one of the fastest moving economics. In spite of being the fifth largest oil producing nation, with the current rates of consumption the natural oil reserves are estimated to end by next 40-50 years. Hence, due the introduction of smart energy innovative systems it is possible to implement the systems of sustainable development. Hence, it will be possible to preserve the natural resources for future generation, thereby reducing the effects of ecological footprints. Linking with objective 2: From the data that are given the literature review section, it is evident that after the introduction of the smart innovative energy system, it is possible to reduce the overall effects of overconsumption of energy. The per capita rate of energy consumption has also been reduced. It is also possible to reduce the effects of over carbon emission. More significant effects are evident due to the popularization of the energy conservation techniques that have been implemented as a part of the sustainable development plan. Conclusion The research will conclude by mentioning about the importance of smart energy conservation techniques. With the introduction of the principles of ecological foot print, it will be possible to improve the existing government plans related to the energy conservation. As the natural resources are depleting at faster rates, it is necessary for the UAE government to act effectively to make use of the research and developmental work. This will help them in implementing the policies of sustainable development. The research work will also highlight the existing environmental issues that are encountered with the UAE society. It will also be possible to predict upon the future environmental degradation effects that can be caused due to the over exploration of the oil and natural gas reserves. It is recommended for the future researchers to focus more upon the easy process of implementing the techniques of smart energy efficiency system. This can help in the process of meeting up the needs of the society as the requirement of energy is rising rapidly. Hence, it will be possible to ensure that there are no forms of hindrance in the rapid rates of economic development within the society of UAE. Hence, from the result and findings of the research, it will be possible to prove the H1 hypothesis that suggests that smart energy solutions are needed to deal with the issues of reducing ecological footprint in UAE. References Allcott, H., Rogers, T. (2014). The short-run and long-run effects of behavioral interventions: Experimental evidence from energy conservation. American Economic Review, 104(10), 3003-37. Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315-323. Asif, M. (2016). Growth and sustainability trends in the buildings sector in the GCC region with particular reference to the KSA and UAE. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1267-1273. Charfeddine, L., Khediri, K. B. (2016). Financial development and environmental quality in UAE: Cointegration with structural breaks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1322-1335. Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., Hayter, M. (2014). Data collection and sampling in qualitative research: does size matter?. Journal of advanced nursing, 70(3), 473-475. Government.ae (2018). Retrieved 23 February 2018, from https://government.ae/en/information-and-services/environment-and-energy/natural-resources/energy- Han, J., Choi, C. S., Park, W. K., Lee, I., Kim, S. H. (2014). Smart home energy management system including renewable energy based on ZigBee and PLC. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 60(2), 198-202. Khare, V., Nema, S., Baredar, P. (2016). Solarwind hybrid renewable energy system: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 23-33. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), 473-475. Mancini, M. S., Galli, A., Niccolucci, V., Lin, D., Bastianoni, S., Wackernagel, M., Marchettini, N. (2016). Ecological footprint: refining the carbon footprint calculation. Ecological indicators, 61, 390-403. Mathiesen, B. V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., Wenzel, H., stergaard, P. A., Mller, B., ... Hvelplund, F. K. (2015). Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Applied Energy, 145, 139-154. Nejat, P., Jomehzadeh, F., Taheri, M. M., Gohari, M., Majid, M. Z. A. (2015). A global review of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO2 emitting countries). Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 43, 843-862. Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., Bristow, A. (2015). Understanding research philosophy and approaches to theory development. Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M., Hamdi, H. (2014). A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191-197. Taleb, H. M. (2014). Using passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance and reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in UAE buildings. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 3(2), 154-165. UAE ecological footprint (2018).The National. Retrieved 23 February 2018, from https://www.thenational.ae/uae/environment/uae-ecological-footprint-has-dropped-1.79232 UAE.Panda(2018).Uae.panda.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018, from https://uae.panda.org/what_we_do/ecological_footprint_initiative/

20 Cause and Effect Essay Topics Top Issues Related to Chinese Students’ Discrimination in the US

20 Cause and Effect Essay Topics Top Issues Related to Chinese Students’ Discrimination in the US New students who come to America either for a full scholarship or even a partial study abroad program face many forms of discrimination in the classroom and outside the classroom. Below are some topics on the subject matter to help you select a cause and effect essay topic for your next assignment: How Some Chinese Students Who Do Not Read or Write in English at Fluent Levels Are Unable to Properly Understand Any Forms They Are Required to Fill out, often Resulting in Misunderstandings about Things such as School Policy or Legal Matters How Chinese Students Do Not Receive Interpreters and May Be at a Disadvantage in terms of Medicinal Treatment They Need while Attending School in the United States How Chinese Students Face Barriers in Their Belief System How Chinese Students Might Find It Difficult to Find the Medical Attention They Require How Chinese Students Are Mocked by Other Subgroups in the Classroom Racial Slurs and Racial Discrimination Chinese Students Face in and out of the Classroom Discrimination against Chinese Students in the Food Available through Student Food Programs and on Campus Discrimination against Chinese Students in the Sports and Athletic Options Available to Students, such as Football and Soccer but Not Thai Chi or Kickboxing or Yoga Discrimination against Chinese Students in the Form of Ignorant Comments and Questions Discrimination against Chinese Students by the Government or Authority Figures Who May be Suspicious That the Student Is Conducting Cyber Warfare Discrimination against Chinese Students after They Complete Their Education, by Not Allowing Them to Get Jobs in and Remain in the United States, Forcing Them to Return Home with All of the Knowledge They Learned for Free in America Discrimination against Chinese Students in terms of Housing, Whereby Many Are Placed with Other Study-Abroad or International Students, often from Conflicting Cultures as a Way to Force Immersion How Chinese Students Face Social Differences without Any Guide of Proper Behaviors, Turns of Phrase, and Demeanors in America How Chinese Students Might Be Unaware of Proper Greetings or How to Use Body Language and Physical Contact How Chinese the Fact that Students Might Not Understand Colloquialisms and Proper English Taught in Schools May Be Grounds for Mocking How Chinese Students May Be Limited in Their Transportation Abilities How Chinese Students Face Discrimination in terms of The Classes They Can Take, often Only Allowed to Select from a Predetermined List for International Students How Chinese Students Face Discrimination by Teachers and Administrators Who May Have Cultural Conflicts. How Chinese Students Face Discrimination by Military Personnel Who May Be Biased because of the Cyber Warfare with China How Chinese Students Face Discrimination in terms of the Language and Terms Used by Culturally Centric People Which Might be Offensive to Someone of Chinese Background Sample Cause and Effect Essay on Cultural Barriers to Medicine Today, many students spend time abroad for their education. Whether a student is visiting for one semester or for many years, there are some forms of discrimination they might face which are not always as noticeable as things such as racial slurs but are just as trying and challenging for Chinese Students to overcome. One of these items is access to medicine. Many Chinese Students who are in America might find that at some point or another they require medical treatment. This might come in the form of an emergency treatment or in the form of simple healing herbs to stop a cold or cough. In such situations cultural and communication barriers can inhibit the student from getting the medical care they need, which is founded in discrimination against Eastern medicinal treatments. It is very difficult for Western medicine to accept the legitimacy of Eastern medicine, even if some treatments have scientific evidence behind them or are backed by insurance companies and the FDA. Communicating medical needs is one part of this discrimination. Not all medical facilities have the funding to supply full time interpreters in a variety of languages. In fact, most hospitals who are unable to afford such staff members will seek instead to hire employees for other roles such as that of nurse who can also speak another language. Then that person is called upon in the event that a patient needs a translator. However, the level of fluency here often fluctuates as there is no standard to which such translation skills are held, in addition to which most hospitals will only have employees who can interpret for the most common languages they have among their patients. Students from China who are studying abroad in the United States might become ill and need medicinal treatment while they are abroad, and without their parents, friends, or family, or even regular practitioner and medical records nearby, they might have problems communicating their needs and the doctors may ha ve similar problems communicating the treatments. Even with someone to interpret, something that would only be afforded if many Chinese migrants- for example- visited that medical facility, there are still many medical terms that might be unfamiliar. Another issue with communication is that of cultural barriers and not just linguistic ones. The student may have strong beliefs that do not align with some medicinal treatments, and may be unable to find a local Chinese practitioner who can provide them with the herbs or other Eastern medicinal treatments preferred such as cupping. While a Chinese Students might prefer a simple herbal tea, the western practitioner who is assigned- often by the school- to offer treatment may only be authorized to provide antibiotics or other pill treatments which the student may not want or need. With each of these, there is a need to help mitigate the discrimination faced by Chinese Students. This starts with recognizing that each culture is different and that students from all over the world may require different treatments. But it also requires people not to look at others through the lens of their own culture. References: Bourne, Peter G. The Chinese student- acculturation and mental illness.Psychiatry  38.3 (1975): 269-277. Goto, Sharon G., Gilbert C. Gee, and David T. Takeuchi. Strangers still? The experience of discrimination among Chinese Americans.  Journal of Community Psychology  30.2 (2002): 211-224. Hanassab, Shideh. Diversity, international students, and perceived discrimination: Implications for educators and counselors.  Journal of Studies in International Education  10.2 (2006): 157-172. Lyman, Stanford M. Chinese Americans. (1974). McClain, Charles J.  In search of equality: the Chinese struggle against discrimination in nineteenth-century America. Univ of California Press, 1994. Rosenbloom, Susan Rakosi, and Niobe Way. Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino adolescents in an urban high school.  Youth Society  35.4 (2004): 420-451. Spencer, Michael S., and Juan Chen. Effect of discrimination on mental health service utilization among Chinese Americans.  American Journal of Public Health  94.5 (2004): 809-814.

Privacy Issues Essays

Privacy Issues Essays Privacy Issues Essay Privacy Issues Essay Evaluate whether Tesco’s Stakeholders will benefit from the company’s growth. Tesco have several groups of stakeholders that could benefit from the growth of the company. A stakeholder is a group of people or an individual with a direct interest in the success of a business. The stakeholders that will benefit the most are employees. In the long run employees could benefit if the company is in a secure financial position due to the company’s growth. This is because, Tesco will be much steadier and will be able to pay their wages without any problems and also if possible it could result in a rise in wages by a fair amount. Therefore, Tesco will be in a capable financial state to keep these workers employed, which will benefit the employees as they have a job and a secure income. Employees will also benefit by working in a big and successful firm because there is more job security. They will continually need an efficient workforce to carry out day to day jobs so it is unlikely that employees are fired often. Also, there are better conditions for the employees in a bigger firm because Tesco want their workers to be happy and feel safe at the work place to overall keep morale high amongst all members of staff. The next stakeholders that will benefit the most are the shareholders. A part of being a shareholder means that you receive a dividend. A dividend is a percentage of the company’s profits depending on how much the shareholder owns. As Tesco grows, revenue should increase and therefore so should profit. So in the long run there would be a rise in dividend value because of the increased sales Tesco would be achieving. However, dividends may have to fall beforehand in the short run if some of the profit is retained to help pay for the growth of the company. In addition, suppliers may benefit due to Tesco’s growth. As Tesco gets bigger, they will need more constant supplies in order to satisfy their customers, so their suppliers are going to be needed much more frequently. Therefore, the supplier’s position in giving Tesco their products will be much more secure, and consequently they will be receiving a decent and somewhat constant pay. However, suppliers may not benefit from the growth of Tesco. Due to Tesco’s increasing monopoly power they could demand more products for a lower cost as they will be needed more quickly and efficiently. Therefore, the suppliers profit margin is going be smaller. In conclusion, considering these three stakeholder groups, it is somewhat clear that Tesco’s growth will benefit specific stakeholders but on the other hand worsen situations for others. This would need to be taken into consideration by Tesco if it wants to appeal to all its stakeholders.

Throughout history, individuals have had a significant impact on the Essay

Throughout history, individuals have had a significant impact on the outcome of events and on the development of cultures and so - Essay Example The change had enormous effects on the political arena as both Iran and America severed all its ties with each other; capturing of American hostages by Iran for 444 days, American subsequent unleashing of Saddam Hussein which ultimately led to the disastrous Iran-Iraq War. Under his government the most evident change that occurred in Iran was the change in its societal system. Iran was considered one of the most liberal countries in the world but after his taking of power its social order changed from a relatively free to strict conservative order. Women, at one point, were allowed to go down the street without Hijab; after Khomeini came into power all that changed and Hijab was made compulsory for women. Other effects on the societal system were that Iran had relatively stable religious communities which were not prosecuted under the Shah’s dictatorship but now they were openly targeted because of the contradiction of their faith with Islamic faith. A prime example of this is the Jewish population of Iran; during the times of Shah, the Iranian population was close to 80,000 to 90,000 but after Khomeini came into power it decreased to merely 20,000.

Diffrence between ABC costing and the Time Driven ABC costing (HBR) Article

Diffrence between ABC costing and the Time Driven ABC costing (HBR) - Article Example Time Driven ABC was proposed by Robert S. Kaplan and Steven R. Anderson, in 2004. Although ABC had been a trend setter in guiding companies and organizations, still it was unable to keep pace with the ever expanding production lines of companies. Time driven ABC is actually a simplification of the ABC methodology (Kaplan & Bruns). Time Driven ABC requires only the estimation of the practical capacity of resources and the time required for transactional activities. Where ABC does not account for the unused capacity in the organization, Time Driven ABC accounts for the unused capacities, thus opening avenues for the allocation of these capacities to new products or cutting them down. It is easier to maintain and gather the data through this model, as the work force required is far less and also the gathering of the data does not require the employees to be surveyed. The manager can allocate the time for an activity based n his professional observation rather than subjective accounts of the employees. It is easier to calculate and validate as compared to the traditional ABC. The data can also be easily updated. The Time driven ABC method allows for the incorporation of a wide variety of elements in the time equation. It is able to cope with more than just a local department with limited number of activities. It also reduces chances of budget slack, created by withholding of private information held by

Positive and Negative Aspects of Adult Education Essay

Positive and Negative Aspects of Adult Education - Essay Example Therefore, they are now focused on acquiring education and on making themselves compatible to the progressing environment. Governments of various countries like America, Hong Kong, UK have always encouraged older people to have education so that they match and compete with younger students. This prospect has made them independent, knowledgeable and modern literates. Adult students have gained back their lost confidence, importance and strength and are now ready to accept new challenges coming ahead. Many companies prefer to employ adults rather than having youngsters due to more experience and capabilities. For instance, a company would prefer to have a 40-year old manager rather than having a 28 year old youngster with higher education for the same post. In other words, adults are much more comfortable with resolving problems and they manage to do so easily. Institutions, where both young and adult students are enrolled, have a very strong inter-generational relationship. Exchange of ideas, flow of knowledge and wisdom, interpersonal communication and reduced differences in mental level can be well-observed in such institutions. Generation gap has been overcome to a large extent. In short, older adult students have seen to be more socially responsible than the younger ones. Besides having a positive effect on the lives of peopl

An Understanding Of The Term Looking Glass Self

An Understanding Of The Term Looking Glass Self In his book Human Nature and the Social Order (1902), the pioneering American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley introduced, somewhat incidentally, the term looking-glass self. This metaphor has since become a standard concept in American sociology with a larger meaning than Cooley himself first implied or envisioned, and with important implications in psychology, ethical studies, theories of child rearing, and other fields. Cooley meant by this term that to some degree individuals develop their identities or self-concepts, and come to understand and define themselves, by considering the ideas and reactions that they think others have about them especially others who seem significant in their lives. Thus, in the process of socialization, which is especially critical at the earlier stages of life but is always occurring, people mold their natures and personalities and assume their roles in response to their reactions to the other people in their social contexts. In that sense, accordin g to Cooley, ones self may be said to mirror social aspects that are outside oneself; it reflects society itself in many individualized ways. The concept actually implies an interacting pair of mirrors. First one imagines oneself pictured (and judged) in the mind of another; then one mirrors in ones mind those judgments that one imagines, thus regulating ones behavior and partially defining oneself. What is reflected in the mirror of ones own mind includes the value systems, self- definitions, and judgments of others in the surrounding society. In this view, ones self-development does not necessarily depend upon objective social realities; rather, it comes about because one perceives or conceives of others responses in certain ways. Thus the feedback that one thinks one is getting from society may actually be more important than any objective reality outside oneself. As sociologist George J. McCall and J. L. Simmons summarized Cooleys theory in 1966, our imaginations of self reflect our interpersonal concerns. Patricia R. Jette, writing in The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sociology (1986), says that the looking-glass self theory distinguishes three separate components that contribute to the development of self: the responses of others to the individual; the individuals perception of what these responses are, were, or might be (which may differ from the actual responses); and the i ndividuals patterned internalizing of these perceived responses so that they become parts of his or her self-concept and behavioral makeup. In this latter stage, the individual molds a self that reflects the social surroundings and people in itas she or he has subjectively perceived them. Noting the precise way in which Cooley first used his term can help one to apply it with its original subtleties. In Human Nature and the Social Order, the term occurs in the chapter entitled The Meaning of I, one of two chapters about the social self. Cooley makes clear, in proposing the term looking-glass self, that it is not intended as an absolute definition of the nature of the self but is merely one very large and interesting category in which the self (or the I) is defined by its social surroundings. According to Cooleys original language, one imagines oneself appearing in some other mind, and then the kind of self-feeling one has is determined by the attitude . . . attributed to that other mind. A social self of this sort might be called the reflected or looking-glass self. Cooley goes on to quote an anonymous verse couplet: Each to each a looking-glass/ Reflects the other that doth pass. Thus Cooleys first use of the term suggests that, in any social interaction, each of two minds is a mirror: that of a self-conscious person, and that of another person who is a reacting mirror. In real life, one can imagine some interchanges, especially among social peers, as working both ways, in a balanced fashionwith each person simultaneously being both a self-conscious actor and an evaluating judge. Young people in the earlier stages of socialization, however, or people lacking in social power, would be most likely to function in the self-conscious roles, while those who are older, more powerful, or more authoritative would be most likely to be the self-assured judges whose opinions matter enough for the other person to take them into account and allow them (perhaps unconsciously) to govern behavior Social psychologists such as Tamotsu Shibutani emphasize the importance of Cooleys ideas in the socialization process. In Shibutanis view, the looking-glass self means simply that each persons orientation toward himself is a reflection of the manner in which he is treated. Cooley noted what Read Bain confirmed in the 1930sthat children know other people as objects, and call others by name, before they sense themselves as separate entities. Many experts agree that children see themselves as recipients of action before perceiving themselves as actors. Therefore, their evolving natures as active selves acquiring personalities will be likely to mirror the way they have been treated by others; they first gain self-identity from social interaction. Cooleys metaphor, like any analogy, embeds both the merit of vividness and the danger of distortion. Though McCall and Simmons call Cooleys looking glass a somewhat clouded concept, the term is commonly used by sociologists to help explain certain aspects of the process by which all people achieve their identities, regulating and in effect fine- tuning and modulating them as they go. Most sociologists grant that Cooleys idea contains an important truth. Applications The generalized examples that Cooley used when he first mentioned the looking-glass self in 1902 are good beginning points for illustrating how the concept works in real life. Cooley suggests, first, that as we pass a real mirror and see our face, figure, and dress reflected, we are naturally interested, and we are either pleased or not, depending on whether what we see measures up to what we would like to see. Similarly, when we meet another person, we readily imagine ourselves as mirrored in that persons mindour appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on. In the next step, we find ourselves imagining what that other persons judgment of our reflected selves may be. The third stage triggered by this sequence is a reflective feeling in ourselves such as pride or mortification when we conceive of this judgment. Cooley himself admits that the metaphor of the looking glass is not adequate to explain the second of these three componentsthat is, the subjective evaluation of the onlooker. The nature and role of the onlooker is strategic in any such hypothetical situation, because one will be concerned about the onlookers evaluation only if that person seems somehow significant. Assuming the onlookers importance in ones life, Cooley says, one will be ashamed to seem reticent if one knows the onlooker is straightforward; one will not want to seem cowardly if one knows the onlooker is brave; and one will hesitate to appear gross if one knows the onlooker is refined. One may, in a certain social situation, boast to one onlooker about how one made a sharp business deal, but with some other person whom one perceives as having different social values one might try to hide the very same fact. In these senses, then, the outside mirror of the onlookers mind actually determines the nature of ones social se lf, generating ones behavior and role in a given setting. Though Cooleys examples do not imply that the whole of anyones self is determined by the process of such interactions, one can see how generally speaking, from earliest childhood onward one is likely to shape oneself to fit what one anticipates to be the expected judgments of those with whom one is dealing. In individual situations throughout life, even after ones identity is rather fully formed, one tends to adopt the contextual roles that one thinks of as suitable when mirrored in the minds of others. Thus in ones grandmothers living room or at a church service, one may in effect be one person, while at a basketball game one may reveal an entirely different self; this is role-playing behavior. Proud parents may discuss their children freely with other parents, but, with some degree of consciousness, they may refrain from mentioning their children when talking to someone who is childlessor who has recently lost a child in a car accident. In these cases, the looking glass of social surroundings and audience shapes ones perceived identity. Although Cooley illustrated only interchanges between two adults and did not specifically explore the implications that his concept has for childhood socialization, the looking-glass self helps to explain early identity development: A young child tends to become a combination of the features that are approved and desired in society. Society always puts pressure on individuals to conform to its values and judgments in order to receive approval; thus humanswho generally seek acceptance and want to be well thought ofshape their social actions according to the signals they get from the social mirror into which they are always looking. Since children tend to internalize what they encounter outside themselves and to act as if it were valid and true, it is clear that those who are treated as worthwhile entities have a better chance of becoming socially productive than those who are treated with abuse or disregard. The development of negative self-concepts as children discourages individuals from acting later as if they have positive contributions to make to society.

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies :: Essays Papers

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies In William Golding's Lord of the Flies, a novel that explores the depths of human nature, plot is irrelevant in comparison to the rich symbolism embedded in nearly all components of the story. The theme of the book is the destructive presence of evil as an influence to mankind, which lies within the breakdown of all order and common sense as a group of british boys stranded on a deserted island evolve into a pack of animalistic savages. The clues to this hidden theme behind the storyline are plentiful, as Golding uses a number of objects to represent certain ideologies and moral values. The first term used in the book that holds much symbolic value throughout the story is the usage of the word "scar" for the stretch of sandy beach that borders the thick jungle on the island. When the plane crashes on the lush island, it disrupts the balance and harmony of nature untouched by man's influence. The twisted wreckage of the plane creates an imperfection in the peacefulness of nature, and leaves the beach a "scar" of what it used to be - beautiful and unharmed by man's destructive impulse. Golding describes the natural surroundings of the island in lush, descriptive detail all throughout the book, beginning with an account of Ralph's proximity : "The shore was fledged with palm trees. These stood or leaned or reclined against the light and their green feathers were a hundred feet up in the air. The ground beneath them was a bank covered with grass, torn everywhere by the upheavals of fallen trees, scattered with decaying coconuts and palm saplings. Behind this was the darkness of the forest proper and the open space of the scar." (9-10) An object which also attains much symoblic relevance as the story unfolds is the conch shell. Delicate, fragile, and white, the conch is what brings the boys together on the first day at the beach. It is used throughout the story as an object of high importance and tradition, as it calls meetings together and determines who has the right to speak, depending on who is holding it at the time. It can be seen as a representation of law and order amongst the boys, as it unites them and prevents chaos from arising.

Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay

Psychology has a diverse nature. Diversity describes the diverse nature of the field not diversity in human race. The following paper will define two examples of sub-disciplines of psychology and two theories connected to the sub-disciplines, how these two examples connect with contemporary society other than psychology, relate sub-disciplines to a theoretical perspective, and my psychological contribution to society. Diversity within the field of psychology is strength and a challenge. There are four primary areas which are clinical, counseling, school, and industrial/organizational psychology. Sub-fields exist in these primary areas. Each sub-field has distinct unique theories to help encourage the growth in psychology. A psychologist that offers a broader view when considering theoretical approach in areas, the more understanding they offer their patients or clients. The simple truth is along with diversity comes help for everyone and every problem. According to (Park, N. , & Peterson, C. , 2009) â€Å"one of psychology’s strengths has been its willingness to embrace different purposes, perspectives, and approaches, and this recommendation is in the spirit of the field’s history†. Two sub-disciplines of focus are personality psychology and counseling psychology. Personality psychology is the study of individual’s personalities and what makes people who they are. â€Å"Within personality psychology, some propose that aspects of behavior and cognition can be explained with reference to personality traits. However, certain conceptual and logical issues cast doubt upon the adequacy of traits as coherent explanatory constructs† (Boag, 2011, pg. 223). Two personality theories are five factory theory and trait theory. According to the trait theory, personality is a production of numerous traits combined. Traits are personality characteristics that influence an individual’s behavior. â€Å"McCrae and Costa (1995) define traits as ‘‘dimensions of individual differences in tendencies to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and action’’ and which ‘‘transcend situational constraints’’† (Bog, 2011, pg. 230). Personality traits can simply be situation, which means that depending on what situation the individual is in can influence their personality. The five factor theory is based on five basic divisions of personality traits which are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. McCrae especially favored this theory simply because it was universal. This theory could fit many individuals regardless of culture or up-bringing. The five factory theory is not only universal, but also has biological origins. The fact that personality psychology can alter depending on situational occurrences is important to remember. Counseling psychology is the sub-discipline where not all individuals go on to become clinical psychology but only counseling psychologists. Counseling psychology focuses on the welling being of individuals by counseling them to reach their full potential as human beings. Counseling psychology also differs from clinical psychology because counseling psychology works towards prevention of symptoms instead of only treatment. â€Å"As a specialty within professional psychology, counseling psychology has a long history of exploring its identity and core values as represented with terms such as scientist–practitioner, vocational/work/career, normal development, diversity, relationships, prevention, strength-based, holism, social justice, and collaborative multidisciplinary practice, and the diversity statement† (Nicholas & Stern, 2011, pg. 332). Two theories connected to clinical psychology are psychoanalytical theory by Sigmund Freud and psychosocial theory by Erik Erickson. Psychoanalytical theory has three main parts which are the id, the ego, and the super ego. â€Å"Psychoanalysis profoundly transformed many traditional perspectives, uncovered the unsuspected initial diversity and wealth of potentialities in human nature, and thereby indeed held out the promise of an infinitely freer and richer development and humanity—provided it could chart the evolution from the relatively unformed state of the infant to the mature adult condition† (Freud and Development, 1985, pg. ). According the Freud the id simply drives the individual’s basic instincts. The ego seeks out to please the desires of the id. The super ego seeks out perfection and is sometimes the mediator between the id and the ego. Psychosocial theory was formed by Erik Erickson and displays the developmental routine of an individual by highlighting seven basic stages. This theory focuses on early development and the influence later on in the individual’s life. Social environment plays a role in an individual’s growth, thoughts, and behaviors. Psychosocial well-being is an important area of attention in early childhood care and education because when psychosocial problems appear, they can often persist past childhood. Based on their working experience with many different children, teachers of young children are aware that they make important contributions to the healthy social and emotional development† (Berkhoult, Dolk, & Goorhuis-Brouwer, 2010, pg. 103). Personality psychology and counseling psychology are tremendous help to social and work life. Personality psychology can help an individual understand the influences on their personality from their up-bringing and social lives. Individuals can offer insight to fellow co workers at their jobs. Understanding personality can help in work environments by encouraging close and trustworthy relationships between employees. Since personality traits are situational, work and social environments will have influences over these traits. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory can help an individual understand their wants and desires in their social and work lives. Psychosocial theory can encourage healing and prevent symptoms from continuing to affect individuals in a negative manner. Psychosocial also explains the individual’s history and what experiences have made them behave in certain ways. The humanistic perspective focuses on individuals meeting their full potential as human beings. This perspective highlights the best image of the person and focuses on the good of a person. â€Å"Over the last few years, counselor training has focused more on formal diagnosis, but this increased focus has been questioned. In the end, the question seems less about whether formal diagnosis will be taught and more about how it will be taught. The author argues that diagnosis should be taught from a social constructionist rather than an objectivist perspective because of the former perspective’s humanistic focus† (McLaughlin, 2006, pg. 165). The humanistic perspective can help in personality psychology and the concepts by offering insight to seeking out the good in an individual’s personality and traits. Personality psychology also gives some insight to the image of an individual simply because personality makes an individual who they are. The humanistic perspective also influences counseling psychology by focusing on the ndividual, the good and the bad. Counseling psychology does not only focus on helping symptoms but also preventing symptoms. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory can connect with humanistic perspective by understanding the id, the ego, and the super ego as defining the individual. The ego is the basic make up of the individual and will influence who the individual becomes. Erik Erickson’s psychosocial theory connects to the humanistic perspective by realizing who the individual is in their social lives. Understanding who an individual is in their personal lives can help focus on the good of the person. My personal psychological contribution comes through my goal to obtain my Masters in Psychology and help individuals addicted to drugs. I form goals and make road maps to accomplish these specific goals. My psychology classes have helped my current relationships in my personal life. I am recently engaged to a man who has three young children experiencing a horrific custody battle between their parents. I am able to offer some comfort and understanding to my fiance on how to handle his children at times. I by no means intrude or impose my ideas on him, but simply offer ignore or take advice. The field of psychology is continuously changing along with the human race. Diversity within the field is an important factor in helping mental health of the human race. There are sub-disciplines and theories to help each and every individual. Personality psychology and counseling psychology link closely together to offer a deep understand of why an individual is who they are. Freud and Erickson formulated beautiful theories that see, understand, and encourage the individuals through their pasts and on to their futures in a positive manner.

History Questions Essay Example

History Questions Essay Example History Questions Paper History Questions Paper Ch 20 From Restoration to Revolution Multiple Choice Only Essays are still optional and worth two points each Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____1. The principal idea that guided the Congress of Vienna was: a. | the creed of economic and political liberalism. | b. | the restoration of the French monarchy. | c. | the principle of legitimacy. | d. | the utilitarianism of the Benthamites. | ____2. The Troppau Memorandum, which was signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, called upon the signatories to aid one another in: a. | times of economic depression. b. | repelling a foreign invasion. | c. | waging an offensive war. | d. | suppressing revolution. | ____3. The revolutions in South America were aided in 1823 when the United States issued the: a. | Doctrine of Manifest Destiny. | b. | Monroe Doctrine. | c. | Jefferson/Jackson Doctrine. | d. | Treaty of La Plata. | ____4. The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 was: a. | a direct response to the for mation of the Third Section. | b. | led by army officers obsessed with Jacobin republicanism. | c. | caused by the assassination of Nicholas I. | d. | initiated by an elite corps of Russian army officers. | ___5. The Greek war of independence: a. | pitted various Greek groups against the Ottoman Turks. | b. | was both peaceful and bloodless. | c. | led to the repeal of the London Protocols. | d. | resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman empire. | ____6. Nineteenth-century liberals were least concerned with the: a. | relationship between the individual and the state. | b. | economic well-being of the middle classes. | c. | reform of the legal codes. | d. | plight of the agricultural laborers. | ____7. The utopian socialist Robert Owen put his beliefs into practice in his cotton factory in: a. Middleville, Massachusetts. | b. | Fourier, Provence. | c. | New Lanark, Scotland. | d. | Birmingham, England. | ____8. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels: a. | argued that the standard of living had increased for skilled workers. | b. | gave an empirical report describing the misery of British factory workers. | c. | described his observations of a textile factory in Lancashire. | d. | offered philosophical justification for dialectical materialism. | ____9. The founder of modern socialism was: a. | Karl Marx. | b. | Friedrich Engels. | c. | Theodore Herzl. d. | Friedrich List. | ____10. Which of the following philosophers is often considered to be a precursor to the Romantic Movement? a. | Denis Diderot| b. | Immanuel Kant| c. | Jean-Jacques Rousseau| d. | Voltaire| ____11. A Romantic would probably argue that human nature is: a. | diverse, and therefore subject to no natural laws. | b. | incapable of expression in art. | c. | a universal, and therefore subject to investigation. | d. | necessarily evil. | ____12. In general, the Romantics would be likely to argue that: a. | the philosophies had elevated reason above emotion and spontane ity. b. | all poetic imagination must be subject to the laws of knowledge. | c. | nature reveals nothing, the mind everything. | d. | truth could be found in the art of the ancient world. | ____13. The fiercest critic of British industrial society was the poet: a. | William Blake. | b. | Samuel Taylor Coleridge. | c. | John Constable. | d. | John Keats. | ____14. The best known Romantic fiction, Frankenstein, was written by: a. | Mary Shelley. | b. | Mary Wollstonecraft. | c. | Mary Keats. | d. | Mary Bysshe. | ____15. The Reform Bill of 1832: a. | created equal electoral districts. b. | passed because the governing class feared a union of the working and middle classes. | c. | gave the vote to all males except those employed as agricultural workers. | d. | did not cleanse Parliament of â€Å"rotten† or â€Å"pocket† boroughs. | ____16. The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher, John Locke, formed the basis for English: a. | conservatives. | b. | li berals. | c. | royalists. | d. | democrats. | ____17. According to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s What is Property, property: a. | should be held in common by all. | b. | is theft. | c. is a natural right. | d. | should be controlled by the state. | ____18. Johan von Herder, author of Ideas for a Philosophy of Human History, argued in opposition to the philosophers that civilization came not from an elite but from the culture of the common people and was expressed, for the Germans, as: a. | niebelungenlied. | b. | mein kampf. | c. | volksgeist. | d. | endlos arbeit. | ____19. The July Ordinances of 1830 issued by Charles X restricted suffrage, dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies, imposed strict censorship on the press, and: a. reduced the power of the nobility. | b. | called for new elections. | c. | restricted the Catholic Church. | d. | repealed the Napoleonic legal code. | ____20. The British Anti-Corn Law League sought the repeal of laws regulating what commodity? a . | barley| b. | wheat| c. | corn| d. | soybeans| ____21. In early 1848, in response to un- and under-employment, the French government established public works projects in and around Paris under the name: a. | Works Progress Administration. | b. | National Workshops. | c. | National Recovery Agency. | d. | Paris Commune. | ____22. Between 1839 and 1848, the leading British voice calling for democracy: a. | was the International Workingmen’s Association. | b. | were the socialists in a great many organizations. | c. | was the landed aristocracy; they believed they could control the peasants’ votes. | d. | were the Chartists, who gathered six million signatures in support in 1848. | ____23. As a result of â€Å"Peterloo,† Parliament passed the Six Acts, which included: a. | restrictions on the rights of public meeting. | b. | provisions for an eight-hour workday. | c. | universal manhood suffrage. | d. | the repeal of the Stamp Act. ____24. Karl Marx summarized the relationship between Napoleon Bonaparte and ____________ by stating: â€Å"All facts and personages of great importance in world history occur twice the first time as tragedy, the second as farce. † a. | N. Lenin| b. | Nicholas II of Russia| c. | Otto von Bismarck| d. | Louis Napoleon| ____25. The basis of nineteenth-centur y conservatism was a belief in political stability which they thought would be guaranteed by the: a. | monarchy. | b. | army. | c. | workers. | d. | peasantry. | True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____26. The expansion of an informed reading public helped make it impossible for conservatives to restore the old order. ____27. The Romantics were a conservative force who looked back to religion and history for inspiration. ____28. After the fall of Napoleon, France still remained the most powerful continental state due to his efforts to centralize power and his governmental reforms. ____29. The aims of Tsar Alexander’s â€Å"Holy Alliance† were to establish justice, Christian charity, and peace. ____30. After the Congress of Vienna, a ruler was made legitimate by international treaties and support, not divine right. ___31. Tsar Nicholas sentenced five young members of the elite to be hanged and buried in secret graves in order to stop them from becoming martyrs to the Decembrists’ cause. ____32. Liberalism required democracy. ____33. National languages of European countries were not always the languages of the majority of citizens. ____34. Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment and classicism. ____35. Volksgeist is the â€Å"spirit of the people† as praised by Herder to be the roots of civilization. Essay 36. Why was restoration not possible in Latin America? 37. Why was the Greek war for independence so attractive to European powers? 38. How did republicanism and socialism differ from liberalism? 39. How was Marx’s socialism different from socialism in general? 40. How was nationalism transformed by the state? 41. How did Romanticism challenge the gender roles of men and women in the nineteenth century? 42. What was Orientalism? 43. What factors contributed to the second French Revolution in 1830? 44. What changes did the new regime in Britain enact in order to avoid revolution? 45. What was the role of the national workshops in bringing about the French Revolution?

Understanding Delphi Project and Unit Source Files

Understanding Delphi Project and Unit Source Files In short, a Delphi project is just a collection of files that make up an application created by Delphi. DPR is the file extension used for the Delphi Project file format to store all the files related to the project. This includes other Delphi file types like Form files (DFMs) and Unit Source files (.PASs). Since its  quite common for Delphi applications to share code or previously customized forms, Delphi organizes applications into these project files. The project is made up of the visual interface along with the code that activates the interface. Each project can have multiple forms that let you build applications that have multiple windows. The code thats needed for a form is stored in the DFM file, which can also contain general source code information that can be shared by all the applications forms. A Delphi project cannot be compiled unless a Windows Resource file (RES) is used, which holds the programs icon and version information. It might also contain other resources too, like images, tables, cursors, etc. RES files are generated automatically by Delphi. Note: Files that end in the DPR file extension are also Digital InterPlot files used by the Bentley Digital InterPlot program, but they have nothing to do with Delphi projects. DPR Files The DPR file contains directories for building an application. This is normally a set of simple routines which open the main form and any other forms that are set to be opened automatically. It then starts the program by calling the Initialize, CreateForm, and Run methods of the global Application object. The global variable Application, of type TApplication, is in every Delphi Windows application. Application encapsulates your program as well as provides many functions that occur in the background of the software. For example, Application handles how you would call a help file from the menu of your program. DPROJ is another file format for Delphi Project files, but instead, stores project settings in the XML format. PAS Files The PAS file format is reserved for the Delphi Unit Source files. You can view the current projects source code through the Project View Source menu. Although you can read and edit the project file like you would any source code, in most cases, you will let Delphi maintain the DPR file. The main reason to view the project file is to see the units and forms that make up the project, as well as to see which form is specified as the applications main form. Another reason to work with the project file is when youre creating a DLL file rather than a standalone application. Or, if you need some startup code, such as a splash screen before the main form is created by Delphi. This is the default project file source code for a new application that has one form called Form1: program Project1;uses Forms, Unit1 in Unit1.pas {Form1};{$R *.RES}begin Application.Initialize; Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1) ; Application.Run; end. Below is an explanation of each of the PAS files components: program This keyword identifies this unit as a programs main source unit. You can see that the unit name, Project1, follows the program keyword. Delphi gives the project a default name until you save it as something different. When you run a project file from the IDE, Delphi uses the name of the Project file for the name of the EXE file that it creates. It reads the uses clause of the project file to determine which units are part of a project. {$R *.RES} The DPR file is linked to the PAS file with the compile directive {$R *.RES}. In this case, the asterisk represents the root of the PAS file name rather than any file. This compiler directive tells Delphi to include this projects resource file, like its icon image. begin and end The begin and end block is the main source code block for the project. Initialize Although Initialize is the first method called in the main source code, it isnt the first code thats executed in an application. The application first executes the initialization section of all the units used by the application. Application.CreateForm The Application.CreateForm statement loads the form specified in its argument. Delphi adds an Application.CreateForm statement to the project file for each form thats included. This codes job is to first allocate memory for the form. The statements are listed in the order that the forms are added to the project. This is the order that the forms will be created in memory at runtime. If you want to change this order, do not edit the project source code. Instead, use the Project Options menu. Application.Run The Application.Run statement starts the application. This instruction tells the pre-declared object called Application, to begin processing the events that occur during the run of a program. Example of Hiding the Main Form/Taskbar Button The Application objects ShowMainForm property determines whether or not a form will show at startup. The only condition for setting this property is that it has to be called before the Application.Run line. //Presume: Form1 is the MAIN FORM Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1) ; Application.ShowMainForm : False; Application.Run;